Twickenham

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Many wealthy Londoners had houses in Twickenham, including the poet Alexander Pope, whose grotto survives, and Horace Walpole, who built his 'little Gothic castle'. A future King of the French lived here in exile, and its rugby ground, bought in 1907, has hosted Rugby World Cup finals.
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Middle Ages

1066 – 1485
1086
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Part of a bigger manor
In Norman times, Twickenham was part of the Manor of Isleworth, which was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
From the records: “In Norman times Twickenham was part of the Manor of Isleworth – itself part of the Hundred of Hounslow, Middlesex (mentioned in Domesday Book of 1086).”
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Tudors and Stuarts

1485 – 1714
1607
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An island in three parts
A map of 1607 shows Eel Pie Island as three parts. Before the 1800s it was known as the Parish Ait, then Twickenham Ait.
From the records: “Before the 19th century it was for many centuries three parts – the core of each safely above high water, if not narrowly separated, as shown by a map of 1607.”
1633
Still here today
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York House is built
Work on York House began in 1633. It takes its name from the Yorke family, who owned farmland in the area. In 1656 it was sold to Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester. In 1661 it was bought for the family of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, the Lord Chancellor, for £3,500.
From the records: “In 1633 construction began on York House.”
1710
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A villa by the Thames
In 1710, the architect John James built a villa near the Thames for the politician James Johnston, one of the first people to build a home on the river at Twickenham in the 1700s.
From the records: “Orleans House was a Palladian villa built by the architect John James in 1710 near the Thames at Twickenham, England, for the politician and diplomat James Johnston.”
1713
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The church roof falls in
In 1713, the nave of the old St Mary's Church collapsed. It was rebuilt to designs by a local architect, John James. The portrait painter Sir Godfrey Kneller was a churchwarden and helped with the plans.
From the records: “In 1713 the nave of the ancient St Mary's Church collapsed, and the church was rebuilt in the Neo-classical style to designs by a local architect, John James.”
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Georgians

1714 – 1837
1719
Still here today
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Alexander Pope's grotto
The poet Alexander Pope moved to Twickenham in 1719. After getting permission in 1720, he built a tunnel from under his house to his garden, with a grotto branching off it. In 1739 he decided to make the grotto look like a mine.
From the records: “Alexander Pope moved in 1719 to Twickenham, where many wealthy Londoners had houses.”
About 1722
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The tea merchant's house
Thomas Twining, founder of the Twinings tea company, bought a house next to St Mary's Church in about 1722, later known as Dial House. Its sundial carries the date 1726. He was buried at St Mary's in 1741.
From the records: “Thomas Twining (1675–1741) was a merchant, and the founder of the tea company Twinings.”
1724
Still here today
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Marble Hill House
Henrietta Howard built Marble Hill House in 1724–1729, designed by Roger Morris with Henry Herbert, later Earl of Pembroke. Its design was based largely on Villa Cornaro, built in Italy by Andrea Palladio in 1553. Today it's looked after by English Heritage.
From the records: “Marble Hill House was built in 1724–1729 by Henrietta Howard, the mistress of George II, to the designs of the architect Roger Morris (1695–1749) in collaboration with Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, one of the "architect earls".”
1736
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Explosions at the acid works
In 1736, Joshua Ward, a pharmacist and quack doctor, set up the Great Vitriol Works to make sulphuric acid. An explosion on 11 March 1758 was felt in Reading, and another in April 1774 terrified people at church in Isleworth.
From the records: “In 1736, the noted pharmacist and quack doctor Joshua Ward set up the Great Vitriol Works to produce sulphuric acid, using a process discovered in the seventeenth century by Johann Glauber in which sulphur is burned together with saltpetre (potassium nitrate), in the presence of steam.”
1749
Still here today
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A 'little Gothic castle'
In 1747, Horace Walpole leased a house that was 'little more than a cottage'. From 1749 he rebuilt it as what he called his 'little Gothic castle', Strawberry Hill. So many visitors came that in 1763 he wrote, 'I keep an inn'.
From the records: “In May 1747, Horace Walpole took a lease on a small 17th-century house that was "little more than a cottage", with 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land from a Mrs.”
1800
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A future king in exile
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, went into exile in 1793 and lived mostly in Twickenham until 1815. From 1800 to 1807 he and his two younger brothers lived in relative poverty at Highshot House. In the 1810s he lived in Johnston's riverside villa, later named Orleans House after him. He was King of the French from 1830 to 1848.
From the records: “The future Louis Philippe I, Duc d'Orleans, who was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, went into exile in 1793 and, before his return to France in 1815 on the fall of Napoleon, lived mostly in Twickenham.”
1805
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Twickenham, Alabama
The American city of Huntsville, Alabama, was first settled as 'Twickenham' in 1805. It changed its name to Huntsville in 1811.
From the records: “The city of Huntsville, Alabama was first settled as Twickenham in 1805.”
1808
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Too many tourists
After Pope died in 1744, his grotto became popular with tourists, many of whom are said to have taken bits of it home as souvenirs. In 1807 Baroness Howe bought Pope's villa, and, irritated by all the tourists, had it demolished the next year.
From the records: “After Pope's death in 1744, the grotto became popular with tourists, many of whom are said to have taken parts of the decoration away as souvenirs.”
1830
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The Eel Pie House
There was an inn on the island by 1743, and in the 1800s it was a popular stop for steamboat trips. The old building was replaced by a new inn in 1830. The island's name may come from the eel pies it served.
From the records: “There was an inn on the island by 1743, and in the 19th century it was a popular stopping point for steamer excursions.”
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Victorians

1837 – 1901
1842
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Strawberry Hill sold off
Two brothers, John and George Waldegrave, spent most of their family fortune, and in 1842 a 'Great Sale' lasting 24 days left Strawberry Hill stripped of almost everything inside. In 1856, George's widow Frances decided to restore the run-down house.
From the records: “In the first half of the 19th century, two successive owners, brothers John and George Waldegrave, spent most of their family fortune, followed by a "Great Sale" lasting twenty-four days held in the grounds in 1842 which left the house stripped of virtually all its contents.”
1851
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Tennyson's house
The poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson lived at Chapel House, now 15 Montpelier Row, from 1851 to 1853. His son Hallam was born there and later became Governor-General of Australia.
From the records: “Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892), author and poet, lived at Chapel House, now 15 Montpelier Row from 1851 until 1853.”
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The World Wars

1901 – 1945
1902
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Electricity and trams
Electricity came to Twickenham in 1902, and the first trams arrived the next year.
From the records: “Electricity was introduced to Twickenham in 1902 and the first trams arrived the following year.”
1907
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A market garden becomes a rugby ground
In 1907, William Williams and William Cail led the purchase of a 10.25-acre market garden in Twickenham for £5,500 12s 6d. It became Twickenham Stadium. The first Varsity Match there was played in 1927.
From the records: “Committee member William Williams and treasurer William Cail led the way to purchasing a 10.25 acre (4 hectare) market garden in Twickenham in 1907 for £5,500 12s 6d.”
1910
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A king from Portugal
After the revolution of 5 October 1910 in Portugal, King Manuel II lived in exile at Fulwell Park, Twickenham. He died there in 1932.
From the records: “King Manuel II of Portugal (1889–1932) lived in exile at Fulwell Park, Twickenham, following the 5 October 1910 revolution in Portugal.”
1924
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York House becomes the council's
The Indian industrialist Sir Ratan Tata bought York House in 1906 and laid out an Italian-style garden for parties. His widow, Navajbai, sold the house in 1924 to Twickenham's council, which turned it into its offices. The Duke of York (later King George VI) opened the new council chamber in 1926.
From the records: “Sir Ratan Tata (1871–1918), a Parsee and a major industrialist in India, who bought York House, Twickenham in 1906 and lived there until 1914, when he returned to India.”
1938
First on live TV
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Rugby on live TV
On 19 March 1938, BBC Television broadcast the England v Scotland Calcutta Cup match from Twickenham: the first time a rugby match was shown live on television.
From the records: “On 19 March 1938, BBC Television broadcast the England – Scotland (Calcutta Cup) match from Twickenham, the first time that a rugby match was shown live on television.”
1939
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A church tower on the move
When All Hallows Lombard Street in the City of London was demolished in 1939, its stone tower by Christopher Wren, its ten bells, cloister, organ and a pulpit used by John Wesley were brought to Twickenham for the new All Hallows Church on Chertsey Road.
From the records: “In 1939, when All Hallows Lombard Street was demolished in the City of London, its distinctive stone tower designed by Christopher Wren, with its peal of ten bells and connecting stone cloister, and the interior furnishings, including a Renatus Harris organ and a pulpit used by John Wesley, were brought to Twickenham to be incorporated in the new All Hallows Church on Chertsey Road (A316) near Twickenham Stadium.”
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Modern times

Since 1945
1956
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Jazz and rock on Eel Pie Island
In 1956, trumpeter Brian Rutland started jazz sessions at the Eel Pie Island Hotel. Later, Arthur Chisnall ran the club, with jazz bands and then, in the 1960s, rock and R&B groups. The first bridge to the island was built in 1957. The hotel burned down in a mysterious fire in 1971.
From the records: “In 1956, trumpeter Brian Rutland, who ran a local band called The Grove Jazz Band, started jazz sessions at the newly reopened hotel.”
1972
Still here today
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Orleans House Gallery
Most of Orleans House was demolished in 1926, but its octagon and some outbuildings survived. In 1972 they became an art gallery.
From the records: “The house was demolished in 1926 but the octagon and some outbuildings survived and are now the Orleans House Gallery.”
1991
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A Rugby World Cup final
Twickenham hosted the 1991 Rugby World Cup final, in which Australia beat England 12–6. It hosted the final again in 2015. By 1995, the rebuilt stadium could seat 75,000 people.
From the records: “Twickenham was also host of the 1991 Rugby World Cup Final in which Australia beat England 12–6.”
2010
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Strawberry Hill is saved
In 2003, Strawberry Hill was put on a list of the world's hundred most endangered buildings. After a £9 million, two-year restoration, it reopened to the public on 2 October 2010. In 2018–19, some 150 of Walpole's artworks came back from around the world to their exact places, as mapped in Walpole's plans.
From the records: “In 2003, Strawberry Hill was placed on the World Monuments Fund's list of the hundred most endangered structures.”
2025
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The Women's Rugby World Cup final
On 27 September 2025, Twickenham Stadium hosted the final of the Women's Rugby World Cup.
From the records: “The stadium was one of eight host venues for the 2025 Women's Rugby World Cup and hosted the final of the competition on 27 September 2025.”